Managing bearers in a radio access network

ABSTRACT

Embodiments described herein relate to managing bearers in a radio access network (e.g., next generation RAN (NG-RAN), etc.). In one example, a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) communicates with a distributed unit (DU) and a CU-UP to exchange transport network layer addresses (TNLAs) and tunnel endpoint identifiers (TEIDs) between the DU and the CU-UP. In this way, the DU becomes resistant to the CU-UP&#39;s rejection of a bearer setup request from the CU-CP during a bearer setup procedure. Furthermore, during virtual machine (VM) migration or local problems of the CU-UP, an E1 procedure known as “bearer relocate” can be defined to notify the DU of a new TNLA for one or more affected general packet radio service tunneling protocol (GTP) tunnels that are affected by the VM migration or local problems.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/710,311, filed Feb. 16, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Embodiments generally relate to the field of wireless communications. More particularly, embodiments described herein relate to managing bearers in a radio access network (e.g., Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN), etc.).

BACKGROUND

The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has identified the following objectives:

1. specification of the E1 general principles, functions, and procedures; and

2. specification of the E1 Application Protocol (E1AP).

The E1AP includes the stage-three description of the E1 elementary procedures and messages, and the E1AP also includes the tabular description as well as the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) coding for the messages.

Version 15 of 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 38.806, entitled “Study of separation of NR Control Plane (CP) and User Plane (UP) for split option 2” (Jan. 1, 2018), set forth a call flow from an idle state to a connected state that includes a bearer setup. The bearer setup may be performed in a base station (BS, e.g., a gNodeB, an eNodeB, etc.). The BS can comprise a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP), a distributed unit (DU), and a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP). Furthermore, the BS may be part of a system that includes the BS, a user equipment (UE), and a core network (CN). One example of a CN is a fifth generation CN (5GC). The gNodeB may also be referred to as a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN).

The bearer setup set forth in 3GPP TR 38.806 is as follows: (i) a CU-CP sets up a UE context in a DU; and (ii) the CU-CP sets up bearers in a CU-UP. Setting up the UE context includes the CU-CP sending an F1-Access Point (AP) UE context request to the DU, and the DU responding to the CU-CP with an F1-AP UE context response. Setting up the bearers includes the CU-CP sending an E1-AP bearer setup request to the CU-UP, and the CU-UP responding to the CU-CP with an E1-AP bearer setup response.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Embodiments described herein are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar features. Furthermore, in the figures, some conventional details have been omitted so as not to obscure from the inventive concepts described herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture of a system of a network, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example architecture of a system including a first core network (CN), in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates an architecture of a system including a second CN, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a platform (or “device”) in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry and radio front end modules (RFEM) in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates components of a core network in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, of a system to support network functions virtualization (NFV).

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) communicatively coupled to a fifth generation core network (5GC), where the NG-RAN comprises a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP), and a distributed unit (DU), according to one embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a process of performing an initial attach procedure using a CU-CP, a DU, and a CU-UP, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a process of performing a bearer activation procedure using a CU-CP, a DU, and a CU-UP, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of a process of performing a bearer relocation procedure, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustration of a method of performing bearer setup during an initial attach procedure, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustration of a method of performing a bearer activation procedure, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustration of a method of performing a bearer relocation procedure, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustration of a method of modifying bearers for a user equipment (UE), according to one embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustration of a method of modifying bearers for a UE, according to another embodiment.

FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration of process of a call flow from an idle state to a connected state with a bearer setup procedure embedded in the call flow, according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments described herein relate to managing bearers in a radio access network (RAN). Examples of RANs include, but are not limited to, LTE and NG-RAN. At least one embodiment is directed to procedures of bearer management and exploiting centralized and virtualized deployment of a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP). Embodiments of a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) set forth herein can be designed to determine which CU-UP of several CU-UPs and which transport network layer address (TNLA) of several TNLAs will be used for setting up a user equipment (UE) context before setting up the UE context begins (e.g., before a distributed unit (DU) is contacted by the CU-CP). Furthermore, embodiments described herein allow for a CU-UP's Tunnel Endpoint Identifiers (TEIDs), which are to be used on F1, to be allocated by the CU-UP and included in an E1-Application Protocol (AP) Bearer setup response sent to a CU-CP. Some embodiments are described in further detail below in connection with at least FIGS. 12-21, while FIGS. 1-11 describe systems and devices that may be configured to implement aspects of the disclosure in accordance with some embodiments.

Several advantages accrue to the embodiments set forth herein. One advantage is that the embodiments described herein can assist with improving the resilience of a system comprised of a UE, base station (e.g., eNodeB, gNodeB, etc.), and a core network (CN). Another advantage is that embodiments described herein can assist with minimizing or eliminating packet loss when a CU-UP rejects an E1 bearer setup request from a CU-CP, which can in turn assist with improving system resilience. Yet another advantage is that embodiments described herein can assist with enabling virtual machine (VM) migration of a CU-UP, which is a notable upside of virtualization and cloud computing, by defining a procedure to support bearer relocation.

In what follows, various operations may be described as multiple discrete actions or operations, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the claimed subject matter. However, the order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations may not be performed in the order of presentation. Operations described may be performed in a different order than the described embodiment. Various additional operations may be performed or described operations may be omitted in additional embodiments.

For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrases “A or B,” “A and/or B,” “A/B,” “at least one of A or B,” “at least one of A and B,” “one or more of A and B,” and “one or more of A or B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B).

The description may use the phrases “in an embodiment,” or “in embodiments,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure, are synonymous.

As used herein, including in the claims, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture of a system 100 of a network, in accordance with various embodiments. The following description is provided for an example system 100 that operates in conjunction with the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system standards and the Fifth Generation (5G) or New Radio (NR) system standards as provided by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technical specifications (TS). However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 protocols (e.g., Wireless metropolitan area networks (MAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), etc.), or the like.

As shown by FIG. 1, the system 100 may include user equipment (UE) 101 a and UE 101 b (collectively referred to as “UEs 101” or “UE 101”). As used herein, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may refer to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. In this example, UEs 101 are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, machine-type communications (MTC) devices, enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), further enhanced narrowband internet-of-things (feNB-IoT), machine-to-machine (M2M), Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, and/or the like.

In some embodiments, any of the UEs 101 can comprise an internet-of-things (IoT) UE, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M, eMTC, NB-IoT or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a public land mobile network (PLMN), Proximity-Based Service (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M, eMTC, NB-IoT or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the UEs 101 may be configured to connect, for example, communicatively couple, with an access network (AN) or radio access network (RAN) 110. In embodiments, the RAN 110 may be a next generation (NG) RAN or a 5G RAN, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), or a legacy RAN, such as a UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) or GERAN (GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications or Groupe Special Mobile) EDGE (GSM Evolution) Radio Access Network). As used herein, the term “NG-RAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 110 that operates in an NR or 5G system 100, and the term “E-UTRAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 110 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 100. The UEs 101 utilize connections (or channels) 103 and 104, respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below). As used herein, the term “channel” may refer to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, that is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” may refer to a connection between two devices through a Radio Access Technology (RAT) for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.

In this example, the connections 103 and 104 are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and/or any of the other communications protocols discussed herein. In embodiments, the UEs 101 may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface 105. The ProSe interface 105 may alternatively be referred to as a sidelink (SL) interface 105 and may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), a Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), a Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), and a Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH).

The UE 101 b is shown to be configured to access an access point (AP) 106 (also referred to as “WLAN node 106,” “WLAN 106,” “WLAN Termination 106,” “WT 106” or the like) via connection 107. The connection 107 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 106 would comprise a wireless fidelity (WiFi®) router. In this example, the AP 106 is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments, the UE 101 b, RAN 110, and AP 106 may be configured to utilize LTE-WLAN aggregation (LWA) operation and/or WLAN LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel (LWIP) operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE 101 b in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node 111 to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE 101 b using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection 107) via Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., internet protocol (IP) packets) sent over the connection 107. IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets.

The RAN 110 can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes 111 a and 111 b (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes 111” or “RAN node 111”) that enable the connections 103 and 104. As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as base stations (BS), next Generation NodeBs (gNBs), RAN nodes, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), NodeBs, Road Side Units (RSUs), Transmission Reception Points (TRxPs or TRPs), and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity implemented in or by a gNB/eNB/RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU,” and an RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU.” As used herein, the term “NG-RAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 111 that operates in an NR or 5G system 100 (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 111 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 100 (e.g., an eNB). According to various embodiments, the RAN nodes 111 may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. In other embodiments, the RAN nodes 111 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a cloud radio access network (CRAN). In other embodiments, the RAN nodes 111 may represent individual gNB-distributed units (DUs) that are connected to a gNB-centralized unit (CU) via an F1 interface (not shown by FIG. 1).

Any of the RAN nodes 111 can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs 101. In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes 111 can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN 110, including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

In embodiments, the UEs 101 can be configured to communicate using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes 111 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes 111 to the UEs 101, while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.

The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may carry user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs 101. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may carry information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 101 about the transport format, resource allocation, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 101 b within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes 111 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 101. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs 101.

The PDCCH may use control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8).

Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more enhanced control channel elements (ECCEs). Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as an enhanced resource element groups (EREGs). An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations.

The RAN nodes 111 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 112. In embodiments where the system 100 is an LTE system, the interface 112 may be an X2 interface 112. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 111 (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to a CN 120, and/or between two eNBs connecting to CN 120. In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a master eNB (MeNB) to a secondary eNB (SeNB); information about successful in sequence delivery of packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocol data units (PDUs) to a UE 101 from an SeNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE 101; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the SeNB for transmitting to the UE user data; and the like. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs, user plane transport control, etc.; load management functionality; as well as inter-cell interference coordination functionality.

In embodiments where the system 100 is a 5G or NR system, the interface 112 may be an Xn interface 112. The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes 111 (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to CN 120 (e.g., a SGC, etc.), between a RAN node 111 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to CN 120 and an eNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to CN 120. In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE 101 in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes 111. The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serviNG-RAN node 111 to new (target) serviNG-RAN node 111; and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serviNG-RAN node 111 to new (target) serviNG-RAN node 111. A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a general packet radio service user plane (GTP-U) layer on top of a user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or IP layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP)) and a transport network layer that is built on a stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be same as or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein.

The RAN 110 is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network—in this embodiment, Core Network (CN) 120. The CN 120 may comprise a plurality of network elements 122, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs 101) who are connected to the CN 120 via the RAN 110. The term “network element” may describe a physical or virtualized equipment used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, radio access network device, gateway, server, virtualized network function (VNF), network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVI), and/or the like. The components of the CN 120 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, network functions virtualization (NFV) may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the above described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 120 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 120 may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

Generally, the application server 130 may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (CN) (e.g., UMTS Packet Services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). The application server 130 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs 101 via the EPC 120. The application server 130 may communicate with the CN 120 via a communication interface 125.

In embodiments, the CN 120 may be a 5GC (referred to as “CN 120,” “5GC 120,” or the like), and the RAN 110 may be connected with the CN 120 via an interface 113. The interface 113 may be an NG interface. In embodiments, when the interface 113 is an NG interface, the interface 113 may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface 114, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 111 and a user plane function (UPF), and the 51 control plane (NG-C) interface 115, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 111 and access and mobility functions (AMFs). Embodiments where the CN 120 is a CN 120 are discussed in more detail with regard to FIG. 3.

In embodiments, the CN 120 may be a 5G CN (referred to as “CN 120” or the like), while in other embodiments, the CN 120 may be an Evolved Packet Core (EPC). Where CN 120 is an EPC (referred to as “EPC 120” or the like), the RAN 110 may be connected with the CN 120 via an the interface 113. When the CN 120 is an EPC, the interface 113 may be referred to as an Si interface 113. In embodiments where the interface 113 is an Si interface, the interface 113 may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface 114, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 111 and the serving gateway (S-GW), and the S1-mobility management entity (MME) interface 115, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 111 and MMEs. An example architecture wherein the CN 120 is an EPC 120 is shown by FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example architecture of a system 200 including a first CN 220, in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, system 200 may implement the LTE standard wherein the CN 220 is an EPC 220 that corresponds with CN 120 of FIG. 1. Additionally, the UE 201 may be the same as or similar to the UEs 101 of FIG. 1, and the EUTRAN 210 may be a RAN that is the same as or similar to the RAN 110 of FIG. 1, and which may include RAN nodes 111 discussed previously. The CN 220 may comprise MMEs 221, an S-GW 222, a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) 223, a home subscriber server (HSS) 224, and a Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Nodes (SGSN) 225.

The MMEs 221 may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy SGSN, and may implement mobility management (MM) functions to keep track of the current location of a UE 201. The MMEs 221 may perform various MM procedures to manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. MM (also referred to as “EPS MM” or “EMM” in E-UTRAN systems) may refer to all applicable procedures, methods, data storage, etc. that are used to maintain knowledge about a present location of the UE 201, provide user identity confidentiality, and/or other like services to users/subscribers. Each UE 201 and the MME 221 may include an MM or EMM sublayer, and an MM context may be established in the UE 201 and the MME 221 when an attach procedure is successfully completed. The MM context may be a data structure or database object that stores MM-related information of the UE 201. The MMEs 221 may be coupled with the HSS 224 via an S6a reference point, coupled with the SGSN 225 via an S3 reference point, and coupled with the S-GW 222 via an S11 reference point.

The SGSN 225 may be a node that serves the UE 201 by tracking the location of an individual UE 201 and performing security functions. In addition, the SGSN 225 may perform Inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between 2G/3G and E-UTRAN 3GPP access networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by the MMEs 221; handling of UE 201 time zone functions as specified by the MMEs 221; and MME selection for handovers to E-UTRAN 3GPP access network. The S3 reference point between the MMEs 221 and the SGSN 225 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active states.

The HSS 224 may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions. The EPC 220 may comprise one or several HSSs 224, depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS 224 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS 224 and the MMEs 221 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the EPC 220 between HSS 224 and the MMEs 221.

The S-GW 222 may terminate the S1 interface (“S1-U” in FIG. 2) towards the RAN 210, and routes data packets between the RAN 210 and the EPC 220. In addition, the S-GW 222 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The S11 reference point between the S-GW 222 and the MMEs 221 may provide a control plane between the MMEs 221 and the S-GW 222. The S-GW 222 may be coupled with the P-GW 223 via an S5 reference point.

The P-GW 223 may terminate an SGi interface toward a network directed to an operator's IP services 230 (e.g., a Packet Data Network (PDN), etc.) The P-GW 223 may route data packets between the EPC 220 and external networks such as a network including the application server 130 (alternatively referred to as application function (AF)) via a communication interface 125, which is shown in FIG. 1. One example of communication interface 125 is an Internet Protocol (IP) interface. In embodiments, the P-GW 223 may be communicatively coupled to an application server (application server 130 of FIG. 1 or PDN 230 in FIG. 2) via a communication interface 125 (see e.g., FIG. 1). The S5 reference point between the P-GW 223 and the S-GW 222 may provide user plane tunneling and tunnel management between the P-GW 223 and the S-GW 222. The S5 reference point may also be used for S-GW 222 relocation due to UE 201 mobility and if the S-GW 222 needs to connect to a non-collocated P-GW 223 for the required PDN connectivity. The P-GW 223 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (e.g., Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the P-GW 223 and the packet data network (PDN) 230 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) services. The P-GW 223 may be coupled with a policy and charging enforcement function (PCEF) 226 via a Gx reference point.

PCEF 226 is the policy and charging control element of the EPC 220. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF 226 in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UEs 201's Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UEs 201's IP-CAN session, a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF may be communicatively coupled to the application server 130 via the P-GW 223. The application server 230 may signal the PCRF to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) and charging parameters. The PCRF 226 may provision this rule into a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) with the appropriate traffic flow template (TFT) and QoS class of identifier (QCI), which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server 230. The Gx reference point between the PCRF 226 and the P-GW 223 may allow for the transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from the PCRF 226 to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the P-GW 223. An Rx reference point may reside between the PDN 230 (or “AF 230”) and the PCRF 226.

FIG. 3 illustrates an architecture of a system 300 including a second CN 320 in accordance with various embodiments. The system 300 is shown to include a UE 301, which may be the same as or similar to the UEs 101 and UE 201 discussed previously; a (R)AN 310, which may be the same as or similar to the RAN 110 and RAN 210 discussed previously, and which may include RAN nodes 111 discussed previously; and a data network (DN) 303, which may be, for example, operator services, Internet access or 3rd party services; and a 5G Core Network (5GC or CN) 320.

The 5GC 320 may include an authentication server function (AUSF) 322; an access and mobility management function (AMF) 321; a session management function (SMF) 324; a network exposure function (NEF) 323; a policy control function (PCF) 326; a network function (NF) repository function (NRF) 325; a Unified Data Management (UDM) 327; an application function (AF) 328; a user plane function (UPF) 302; and a network slice selection function (NSSF) 329.

The UPF 302 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to DN 303, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 302 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, enforce user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection); traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 302 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. The DN 303 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN 303 may include, or be similar to, application server 130 discussed previously. The UPF 302 may interact with the SMF 324 via an N4 reference point between the SMF 324 and the UPF 302.

The AUSF 322 may store data for authentication of UE 301 and handle authentication related functionality. The AUSF 322 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF 322 may communicate with the AMF 321 via an N12 reference point between the AMF 321 and the AUSF 322; and may communicate with the UDM 327 via an N13 reference point between the UDM 327 and the AUSF 322. Additionally, the AUSF 322 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface.

The AMF 321 may be responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE 301, etc.), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 321 may be a termination point for the an N11 reference point between the AMF 321 and the SMF 324. The AMF 321 may provide transport for Session Management (SM) messages between the UE 301 and the SMF 324, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 321 may also provide transport for short message service (SMS) messages between UE 301 and an SMS function (SMSF) (not shown by FIG. 3). AMF 321 may act as security anchor function (SEAF), which may include interaction with the AUSF 322 and the UE 301, receipt of an intermediate key that was established because of the UE 301 authentication process. Where universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) Subscriber Identify Module (USIM) based authentication is used, the AMF 321 may retrieve the security material from the AUSF 322. AMF 321 may also include a Security Context Management (SCM) function, which receives a key from the SEA that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. Furthermore, AMF 321 may be a termination point of RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the (R)AN 310 and the AMF 321; and the AMF 321 may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signalling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection.

AMF 321 may also support NAS signalling with a UE 301 over an N3 interworking-function (IWF) interface. The N3IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R)AN 310 and the AMF 321 for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R)AN 310 and the UPF 302 for the user plane. As such, the AMF 321 may handle N2 signalling from the SMF 324 and the AMF 321 for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPSec and N3 tunnelling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated to such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control-plane NAS signalling between the UE 301 and AMF 321 via an N1 reference point between the UE 301 and the AMF 321, and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE 301 and UPF 302. The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE 301. The AMF 321 may exhibit an Namf service-based interface, and may be a termination point for an N14 reference point between two AMFs 321 and an N17 reference point between the AMF 321 and a 5G-Equipment Identity Register (5G-EIR) (not shown by FIG. 3).

The UE 301 may need to register with the AMF 321 in order to receive network services. Registration Management (RM) is used to register or deregister the UE 301 with the network (e.g., AMF 321), and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF 321). The UE 301 may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM-DEREGISTERED state, the UE 301 is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 321 holds no valid location or routing information for the UE 301 so the UE 301 is not reachable by the AMF 321. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 301 is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 321 may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE 301 so the UE 301 is reachable by the AMF 321. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 301 may perform mobility Registration Update procedures, perform periodic Registration Update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE 301 is still active), and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others.

The AMF 321 may store one or more RM contexts for the UE 301, where each RM context is associated with a specific access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. that indicates or stores, inter alia, a registration state per access type and the periodic update timer. The AMF 321 may also store a 5GC MM context that may be the same as or similar to the (E)MM context discussed previously. In various embodiments, the AMF 321 may store a CE mode B Restriction parameter of the UE 301 in an associated MM context or RM context. The AMF 321 may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE's usage setting parameter {possible values: “Data Centric,” “Voice Centric”} already stored in the UE context (and/or MM/RM Context).

Connection Management (CM) may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE 301 and the AMF 321 over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE 301 and the CN 120, and comprises both the AN signaling connection between the UE and the Access Network (AN) (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) connection or UE-N3IWF connection for Non-3 GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE 301 between the AN (e.g., RAN 310) and the AMF 321. The UE 301 may operate in one of two CM states, CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE 301 is operating in the CM-IDLE state/mode, the UE 301 may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF 321 over the N1 interface, and there may be (R)AN 310 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 301. When the UE 301 is operating in the CM-CONNECTED state/mode, the UE 301 may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF 321 over the N1 interface, and there may be a (R)AN 310 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 301. Establishment of an N2 connection between the (R)AN 310 and the AMF 321 may cause the UE 301 to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE 301 may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the (R)AN 310 and the AMF 321 is released.

The SMF 324 may be responsible for session management (e.g., session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces towards policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful interception (LI) (for SM events and interface to a LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiation of AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN; and determining session and service continuity (SSC) mode of a session. The SMF 324 may include the following roaming functionality: handle local enforcement to apply QoS service level agreements (SLAs) (VPLMN); charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN); lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system); support for interaction with external DN for transport of signalling for PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs 324 may be included in the system 300, which may be between another SMF 324 in a visited network and the SMF 324 in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF 324 may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface.

The NEF 323 may provide means for securely exposing the services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF 328), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 323 may authenticate, authorize, and/or throttle the AFs. NEF 323 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 328 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 323 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 323 may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF 323 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using a standardized interface. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 323 to other NFs and AFs, and/or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 323 may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface.

The NRF 325 may support service discovery functions, receive NF Discovery Requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 325 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 325 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface.

The PCF 326 may provide policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 326 may also implement a front end (FE) to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a unified data repository (UDR) of the UDM 327. The PCF 326 may communicate with the AMF 321 via an N15 reference point between the PCF 326 and the AMF 321, which may include a PCF 326 in a visited network and the AMF 321 in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF 326 may communicate with the AF 328 via an N5 reference point between the PCF 326 and the AF 328; and with the SMF 324 via an N7 reference point between the PCF 326 and the SMF 324. The system 200 and/or CN 120 may also include an N24 reference point between the PCF 326 (in the home network) and a PCF 326 in a visited network. Additionally, the PCF 326 may exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

The UDM 327 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 301. For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM 327 and the AMF 321 via an N8 reference point between the UDM 327 and the AMF 321 (not shown by FIG. 3). The UDM 327 may include two parts, an application FE and a User Data Repository (UDR) (the FE and UDR are not shown by FIG. 3). The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 327 and the PCF 326, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including Packet Flow Descriptions (PFDs) for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 201) for the NEF 323. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR to allow the UDM 327, PCF 326, and NEF 323 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM FE, which is in charge of processing of credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing; user identification handling; access authorization; registration/mobility management; and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMF 324 via an N10 reference point between the UDM 327 and the SMF 324. UDM 327 may also support SMS management, wherein an SMS-FE implements the similar application logic as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM 327 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface.

The AF 328 may provide application influence on traffic routing, access to the Network Capability Exposure (NCE), and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the 5GC 320 and AF 328 to provide information to each other via NEF 323, which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE 301 access point of attachment to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF 302 close to the UE 301 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 302 to DN 303 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 328. In this way, the AF 328 may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 328 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 328 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 328 may exhibit an Naf service-based interface.

The NSSF 329 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 301. The NSSF 329 may also determine allowed Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (NSSAI) and the mapping to the Subscribed Single-NSSAIs (S-NSSAIs), if needed. The NSSF 329 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 301, or a list of candidate AMF(s) 321 based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 325. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 301 may be triggered by the AMF 321 with which the UE 301 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 329, which may lead to a change of AMF 321. The NSSF 329 may interact with the AMF 321 via an N22 reference point between AMF 321 and NSSF 329; and may communicate with another NSSF 329 in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown by FIG. 3). Additionally, the NSSF 329 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.

As discussed previously, the CN 320 may include an SMSF, which may be responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to/from the UE 301 to/from other entities, such as an short message service (SMS) gateway mobile switching center (SMS-GMSC), interworking mobile switching center (IWMSC), or SMS router. The SMS may also interact with AMF 321 and UDM 327 for notification procedure that the UE 301 is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM 327 when UE 301 is available for SMS).

The CN 120 may also include other elements that are not shown by FIG. 3, such as a Data Storage system/architecture, a 5G Equipment Identity Register (5G-EIR), a security edge protection proxy (SEPP), and the like. The Data Storage system may include a structured data storage (SDSF) network function, an unstructured data storage (UDSF) network function, and/or the like. Any NF may store and retrieve unstructured data into/from the UDSF (e.g., UE contexts), via N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown by FIG. 3). Individual NFs may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data, or individual NFs may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual NFs. Additionally, the UDSF may exhibit an Nudsf service-based interface (not shown by FIG. 3). The 5G-EIR may be an NF that checks the status of permanent equipment identifiers (PEI) for determining whether particular equipment/entities are blacklisted from the network; and the SEPP may be a non-transparent proxy that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces.

Additionally, there may be many more reference points and/or service-based interfaces between the NF services in the NFs; however, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from FIG. 3 for clarity. In one example, the CN 320 may include an Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between the MME (e.g., MME 221) and the AMF 321 in order to enable interworking between CN 320 and CN 220. Other example interfaces/reference points may include an N5G-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, an N27 reference point between NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network; and an N31 reference point between the NS SF in the visited network and the NS SF in the home network.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment 400 in accordance with various embodiments. The infrastructure equipment 400 (or “system 400”) may be implemented as a base station, radio head, RAN node, etc., such as the RAN nodes 111 and/or AP 106 shown and described previously. In other examples, the system 400 could be implemented in or by a UE, application server(s) 130, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The system 400 may include one or more of application circuitry 405, baseband circuitry 410, one or more radio front end modules 415, memory circuitry 420, power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 425, power tee circuitry 430, network controller circuitry 435, network interface connector 440, satellite positioning circuitry 445, and user interface circuitry 450. In some embodiments, the system 400 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output (I/O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) implementations).

As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD), (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable System on Chip (SoC)), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. In addition, the term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.” As used herein, the term “processor circuitry” may refer to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations; recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes.

Furthermore, the various components of the core network 120 (or CN 320 discussed infra) may be referred to as “network elements.” The term “network element” may describe a physical or virtualized equipment used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, radio access network device, gateway, server, virtualized network function (VNF), network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVI), and/or the like.

Application circuitry 405 may include one or more central processing unit (CPU) cores and one or more of cache memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as serial peripheral interface (SPI), I2C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers such as Secure Digital (SD)/MultiMediaCard (MMC) or similar, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. As examples, the application circuitry 405 may include one or more Intel Pentium®, Core®, or Xeon® processor(s); Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s), Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), or Epyc® processors; and/or the like. In some embodiments, the system 400 may not utilize application circuitry 405, and instead may include a special-purpose processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC or SGC, for example.

Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry 405 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 405 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric including other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 405 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in lookup-tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 410 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. Although not shown, baseband circuitry 410 may comprise one or more digital baseband systems, which may be coupled via an interconnect subsystem to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband sub-system via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio sub-system may include digital signal processing circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry 410 may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules 415).

User interface circuitry 450 may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system 400 or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system 400. User interfaces may include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc.

The radio front end modules (RFEMs) 415 may comprise a millimeter wave RFEM and one or more sub-millimeter wave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-millimeter wave RFICs may be physically separated from the millimeter wave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays, and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical radio front end module 415. The RFEMs 415 may incorporate both millimeter wave antennas and sub-millimeter wave antennas.

The memory circuitry 420 may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc., and may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry 420 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards.

The PMIC 425 may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry 430 may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment 400 using a single cable.

The network controller circuitry 435 may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to/from the infrastructure equipment 400 via network interface connector 440 using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a “copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry 435 may include one or more dedicated processors and/or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocol. In some implementations, the network controller circuitry 435 may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols.

The positioning circuitry 445 may include circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted by one or more navigation satellite constellations of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) may include United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union's Galileo system, China's B eiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France's Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 445 may comprise various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate the communications over-the-air (OTA) communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes.

Nodes or satellites of the navigation satellite constellation(s) (“GNSS nodes”) may provide positioning services by continuously transmitting or broadcasting GNSS signals along a line of sight, which may be used by GNSS receivers (e.g., positioning circuitry 445 and/or positioning circuitry implemented by UEs 101, 102, or the like) to determine their GNSS position. The GNSS signals may include a pseudorandom code (e.g., a sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the GNSS receiver and a message that includes a time of transmission (ToT) of a code epoch (e.g., a defined point in the pseudorandom code sequence) and the GNSS node position at the ToT. The GNSS receivers may monitor/measure the GNSS signals transmitted/broadcasted by a plurality of GNSS nodes (e.g., four or more satellites) and solve various equations to determine a corresponding GNSS position (e.g., a spatial coordinate). The GNSS receivers also implement clocks that are typically less stable and less precise than the atomic clocks of the GNSS nodes, and the GNSS receivers may use the measured GNSS signals to determine the GNSS receivers' deviation from true time (e.g., an offset of the GNSS receiver clock relative to the GNSS node time). In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry 445 may include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance.

The GNSS receivers may measure the times of arrival (ToAs) of the GNSS signals from the plurality of GNSS nodes according to GNSS receivers' own clock. The GNSS receivers may determine time of flight (ToF) values for each received GNSS signal from the ToAs and the ToTs, and then may determine, from the ToFs, a three-dimensional (3D) position and clock deviation. The 3D position may then be converted into a latitude, longitude and altitude. The positioning circuitry 445 may provide data to application circuitry 405 that may include one or more of position data or time data. Application circuitry 405 may use the time data to synchronize operations with other radio base stations (e.g., RAN nodes 111 or the like).

The components shown by FIG. 4 may communicate with one another using interface circuitry. As used herein, the term “interface circuitry” may refer to, is part of, or includes circuitry providing for the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, input/output (I/O) interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like. Any suitable bus technology may be used in various implementations, which may include any number of technologies, including industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), or any number of other technologies. The bus may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a platform 500 (or “device 500”) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform 500 may be suitable for use as UEs 101, 102, 201, application servers 130, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform 500 may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform 500 may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform 500, or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of FIG. 5 is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform 500. However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and a different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations.

The application circuitry 505 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, single-core or multi-core processors and one or more of cache memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as serial peripheral interface (SPI), inter-integrated circuit (I2C) or universal programmable serial interface circuit, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input-output (IO), memory card controllers such as secure digital/multi-media card (SD/MMC) or similar, universal serial bus (USB) interfaces, mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and/or dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors (or cores) may be coupled with or may include memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the platform 500. In some embodiments, processors of application circuitry 405/505 may process IP data packets received from an EPC or SGC.

Application circuitry 505 may be or include a microprocessor, a multi-core processor, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, or other known processing element. In one example, the application circuitry 505 may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an microcontroller (MCU) class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The processors of the application circuitry 505 may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); A5-A9 processor(s) from Apple® Inc., Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd.; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry 505 may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry 505 and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation.

Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry 505 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 505 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric including other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 505 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.), etc.) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in lookup-tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 50 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. Although not shown, baseband circuitry 50 may comprise one or more digital baseband systems, which may be coupled via an interconnect subsystem to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband sub-system via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio sub-system may include digital signal processing circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry 50 may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules 55).

The radio front end modules (RFEMs) 55 may comprise a millimeter wave RFEM and one or more sub-millimeter wave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-millimeter wave RFICs may be physically separated from the millimeter wave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays, and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical radio front end module 55. The RFEMs 55 may incorporate both millimeter wave antennas and sub-millimeter wave antennas.

The memory circuitry 520 may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry 520 may include one or more of volatile memory includiNG-RANdom access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry 520 may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry 520 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry 520 may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry 505. To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry 520 may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform 500 may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®.

Removable memory circuitry 523 may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform 500. These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like.

The platform 500 may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform 500. The external devices connected to the platform 500 via the interface circuitry may include sensors 521, such as accelerometers, level sensors, flow sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, barometric pressure sensors, and the like. The interface circuitry may be used to connect the platform 500 to electro-mechanical components (EMCs) 522, which may allow platform 500 to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or system. The EMCs 522 may include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators, etc.), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, and/or other like electro-mechanical components. In embodiments, platform 500 may be configured to operate one or more EMCs 522 based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients.

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 500 with positioning circuitry 545, which may be the same as or similar to the positioning circuitry 445 discussed with regard to FIG. 4.

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 500 with near-field communication (NFC) circuitry 540, which may include an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device. The NFC circuitry 540 may be configured to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device.

The driver circuitry 546 may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform 500, attached to the platform 500, or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform 500. The driver circuitry 546 may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform 500 to interact or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform 500. For example, driver circuitry 546 may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform 500, sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensors 521 and control and allow access to sensors 521, EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs 522 and/or control and allow access to the EMCs 522, a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices.

The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 525 (also referred to as “power management circuitry 525”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform 500. In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry 50, the PMIC 525 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC 525 may often be included when the platform 500 is capable of being powered by a battery 530, for example, when the device is included in a UE 101, 102, 201.

In some embodiments, the PMIC 525 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform 500. For example, if the platform 500 is in an RRC Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform 500 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform 500 may transition off to an RRC Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform 500 goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform 500 may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC Connected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.

A battery 530 may power the platform 500, although in some examples the platform 500 may be mounted or deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery 530 may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery 530 may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery.

In some implementations, the battery 530 may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a battery management system (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform 500 to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery 530. The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery 530 to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery 530. The BMS may communicate the information of the battery 530 to the application circuitry 505 or other components of the platform 500. The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry 505 to directly monitor the voltage of the battery 530 or the current flow from the battery 530. The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform 500 may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like.

A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid, may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery 530. In some examples, the power block may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform 500. In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery 530, and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard, promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others.

Although not shown, the components of platform 500 may communicate with one another using a suitable bus technology, which may include any number of technologies, including industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, or a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others. User interface circuitry 550 may be circuitry configured to handle or manage user input.

FIG. 6 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry 410/50 and radio front end modules (RFEM) 415/55 in accordance with various embodiments. As shown, the RFEM 415/55 may include radio frequency (RF) circuitry 506, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 508, one or more antennas 510 coupled together at least as shown.

The baseband circuitry 410/50 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry 410/50 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 506 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 506. Baseband processing circuitry 410/50 may interface with the application circuitry 405/505 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 506. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 410/50 may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor 504A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 504B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor 504C, or other baseband processor(s) 504D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuitry 410/50 (e.g., one or more of baseband processors 504A-D) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 506. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 504A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 504G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 504E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 410/50 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 410/50 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 410/50 may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP) 504F. The audio DSP(s) 504F may include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 410/50 and the application circuitry 405/505 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SoC).

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 410/50 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 410/50 may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 410/50 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

RF circuitry 506 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 506 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 506 may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 508 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 410/50. RF circuitry 506 may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 410/50 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 508 for transmission.

In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 506 may include mixer circuitry 506 a, amplifier circuitry 506 b and filter circuitry 506 c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 506 may include filter circuitry 506 c and mixer circuitry 506 a. RF circuitry 506 may also include synthesizer circuitry 506 d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 506 a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506 a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 508 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 506 d. The amplifier circuitry 506 b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 506 c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 410/50 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 506 a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506 a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 506 d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 508. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 410/50 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 506 c.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506 a of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 506 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 506 a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 506 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 410/50 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 506.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 506 d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 506 d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

The synthesizer circuitry 506 d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 506 a of the RF circuitry 506 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 506 d may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 410/50 or the application circuitry 405/505 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry 405/505.

Synthesizer circuitry 506 d of the RF circuitry 506 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 506 d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 506 may include an IQ/polar converter.

FEM circuitry 508 may include a receive signal path that may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 510, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 506 for further processing. FEM circuitry 508 may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 506 for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas 510. In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 506, solely in the FEM 508, or in both the RF circuitry 506 and the FEM 508.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 508 may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 508 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 508 may include an low noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 506). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 508 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 506), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 510).

Processors of the application circuitry 405/505 and processors of the baseband circuitry 410/50 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 410/50, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the baseband circuitry 410/50 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., transmission communication protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a radio resource control (RRC) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a physical (PHY) layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below.

FIG. 7 illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with various embodiments. As discussed above, the baseband circuitry 410/50 of FIGS. 4-5 may comprise processors 504A-504E and a memory 504G utilized by said processors. Each of the processors 504A-504E may include a memory interface, 704A-704E, respectively, to send/receive data to/from the memory 504G.

The baseband circuitry 410/50 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as a memory interface 712 (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry 410/50), an application circuitry interface 714 (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry 405/505 of FIGS. 4-5), an RF circuitry interface 716 (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry 506 of FIG. 6), a wireless hardware connectivity interface 718 (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components), and a power management interface 720 (e.g., an interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC 525.

FIG. 8 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments. In particular, FIG. 8 includes an arrangement 800 showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of FIG. 8 is provided for various protocol layers/entities that operate in conjunction with the Fifth Generation (5G) or New Radio (NR) system standards and LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of FIG. 8 may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well.

The protocol layers of arrangement 800 may include one or more of a physical layer (PHY) 810, a medium access control layer (MAC) 820, a radio link control layer (RLC) 830, a packet data convergence protocol layer (PDCP) 840, a service data adaptation protocol layer (SDAP) 847, a radio resource control layer (RRC) 855, and a non-access stratum (NAS) layer 857, in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items 859, 856, 849, 845, 835, 825, and 815 in FIG. 8) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers.

The PHY 810 may transmit and receive physical layer signals 805 that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals 805 may comprise one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY 810 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC 855. The PHY 810 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing. In embodiments, an instance of PHY 810 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC 820 via one or more physical layer service access points (PHY-SAP) 815. According to some embodiments, requests and indications communicated via PHY-SAP 815 may comprise one or more transport channels.

Instance(s) of MAC 820 may process requests from, and provide indications to an instance of, RLC 830 via one or more medium access control service access points (MAC-SAP) 825. These requests and indications communicated via the MAC-SAP 825 may comprise one or more logical channels. The MAC 820 may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to PHY 810 via the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY 810 via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARD), and logical channel prioritization.

Instance(s) of RLC 830 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP 840 via one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP) 835. These requests and indications communicated via RLC-SAP 835 may comprise one or more RLC channels. The RLC 830 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC 830 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC 830 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment.

Instance(s) of PDCP 840 may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC 855 and/or instance(s) of SDAP 847 via one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP) 845. These requests and indications communicated via PDCP-SAP 845 may comprise one or more radio bearers. The PDCP layer 840 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.).

Instance(s) of SDAP 847 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities via one or more service data adaptation protocol service access points (SDAP-SAP) 849. These requests and indications communicated via SDAP-SAP 849 may comprise one or more quality of service (QoS) flows. The SDAP 847 may map QoS flows to data radio bearers (DRBs), and vice versa, and may also mark QoS flow IDs (QFIs) in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity 847 may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the CN 120, which may be a next generation RAN (NG-RAN), may control the mapping of QoS flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 847 of a UE 101 may monitor the QoS flow ID(s) of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP 847 of the UE 101 may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN 310 may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC 855 configuring the SDAP 847 with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP 847. In embodiments, the SDAP 847 may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations.

The RRC 855 may configure, via one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY 810, MAC 820, RLC 830, PDCP 840 and SDAP 847. In embodiments, an instance of RRC 855 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities 857 via one or more RRC service access points (RRC-SAP) 856. The main services and functions of the RRC 855 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in Master Information Blocks (MIBs) or System Information Blocks (SIBs) related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 101 and RAN 120 (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point radio bearers, security functions including key management, inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more information elements (IEs), which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.

The NAS 857 may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE 101 and the AMF 321. The NAS 857 may support the mobility of the UEs 101 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 101 and a P-GW in LTE systems.

According to various embodiments, one or more protocol entities of arrangement 800 may be implemented in UEs 101, RAN nodes 111, AMF 321 in NR implementations or MME 221 in LTE implementations, UPF 302 in NR implementations or S-GW 222 and P-GW 223 in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In such embodiments, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE 101, RAN 111 (which may be a next generation NodeB (gNB)), AMF 321, etc. may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some embodiments, a gNB-central unit (gNB-CU) of the gNB 111 may host the RRC 855, SDAP 847, and PDCP 840 of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-distributed units (DUs), and the gNB-DUs of the gNB 111 may each host the RLC 830, MAC 820, and PHY 810 of the gNB 111.

In a first example, a control plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS 857, RRC 855, PDCP 840, RLC 830, MAC 820, and PHY 810. In this example, upper layers 860 may be built on top of the NAS 857, which includes an internet protocol layer (IP) 861, a Stream Control Transmission Protocol layer (SCTP) 862, and an application layer signaling protocol (AP) 863.

In NR implementations, the AP 863 may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP) 863 for the NG interface 113 defined between the NG-RAN node 111 and the AMF 321, or the AP 863 may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP) 863 for the Xn interface 112 that is defined between two or more RAN nodes 111.

The NG-AP 863 may support the functions of the NG interface 113 and may comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node 111 and the AMF 321. The NG-AP 863 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE 101, 102) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node 111 and AMF 321). These services may include functions including, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes 111 involved in a particular paging area; UE Context management function for allowing the AMF 321 to establish, modify, and/or release a UE Context in the AMF 321 and the NG-RAN node 111; mobility function for UEs 101 in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system handovers (Hos) to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE 101 and AMF 321; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF 321 and the UE 101; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; warning message transmission function provides means to transfer warning messages via NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; Configuration Transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., Self-Organizing Network (SON) information, performance measurement (PM) data, etc.) between two RAN nodes 111 via CN 120; and/or other like functions.

The XnAP 863 may support the functions of the Xn interface 112 and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG-RAN 120 (or E-UTRAN 120), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 101, such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

In LTE implementations, the AP 863 may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 863 for the 51 interface 113 defined between a RAN node 111 (which may be an E-UTRAN node) and an MME, or the AP 863 may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP) 863 for the X2 interface 112 that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes 111.

The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 863 may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, the S1-AP may comprise S1-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node 111 and an MME 221 within an LTE CN 120. The S1-AP 863 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer.

The X2AP 863 may support the functions of the X2 interface 112 and may comprise X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN 120, such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 101, such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer) 862 may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP 862 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 111 and the AMF 321/MME 221 based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP 861. The Internet Protocol layer (IP) 861 may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer 861 may use point-to-point transmission to deliver or convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node 111 may comprise L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information.

In a second example, a user plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP 847, PDCP 840, RLC 830, MAC 820, and PHY 810. The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE 101, the RAN node 111, and UPF 302 in NR implementations or an S-GW 222 and P-GW 223 in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers 851 may be built on top of the SDAP 847, and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP) 852, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U) 853, and a User Plane Protocol Data Unit layer (UP PDU) 863.

The transport network layer 854 (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U 853 may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer 852 (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example.

The GTP-U 853 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP 852 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node 111 and the S-GW 222 may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer 852, and the GTP-U 853. The S-GW 222 and the P-GW 223 may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer 852, and the GTP-U 853. As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE 101 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 101 and the P-GW 223.

Moreover, although not shown by FIG. 8, an application layer may be present above the AP 863 and/or the transport network layer 854. The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE 101, RAN node 111, or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry 405 or application circuitry 505, respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE 101 or RAN node 111, such as the baseband circuitry 410/50. In some implementations the IP layer and/or the application layer may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7—the application layer, OSI Layer 6—the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer). Communication interface 850 may be used to route data.

FIG. 9 illustrates components of a core network in accordance with various embodiments. The components of the CN 220 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In embodiments, the components of CN 320 may be implemented in a same or similar manner as discussed herein with regard to the components of CN 220. In some embodiments, network functions virtualization (NFV) is utilized to virtualize any or all of the above described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 220 may be referred to as a network slice 901, and individual logical instantiations of the CN 220 may provide specific network capabilities and network characteristics. A logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 220 may be referred to as a network sub-slice 902 (e.g., the network sub-slice 902 is shown to include the P-GW 223 and the PCRF 226).

As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. A network instance may refer to information identifying a domain, which may be used for traffic detection and routing in case of different IP domains or overlapping IP addresses. A network slice instance may refer to a set of network functions (NFs) instances and the resources (e.g., compute, storage, and networking resources) required to deploy the network slice.

With respect to 5G systems (see e.g., FIG. 3), a network slice may include the CN control plane and user plane NFs, NG-RANs in a serving PLMN, and N3IWF functions in the serving PLMN. Individual network slices may have different Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI) and/or may have different Slice/Service Types (SSTs). Network slices may differ for supported features and network functions optimizations, and/or multiple network slice instances may deliver the same service/features but for different groups of UEs (e.g., enterprise users). For example, individual network slices may deliver different committed service(s) and/or may be dedicated to a particular customer or enterprise. In this example, each network slice may have different S-NSSAIs with the same SST but with different slice differentiators. Additionally, a single UE may be served with one or more network slice instances simultaneously via a 5G access node (AN) and associated with eight different S-NSSAIs. Moreover, an AMF instance serving an individual UE may belong to each of the network slice instances serving that UE.

NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more NFs, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, of a system 1000 to support NFV. The system 1000 is illustrated as including a virtualized infrastructure manager (VIM) 1002, a network function virtualization infrastructure (NFVI) 1004, a VNF manager (VNFM) 1006, virtualized network functions (VNFs) 1008, an element manager (EM) 1010, an NFV Orchestrator (NFVO) 1012, and a network manager (NM) 1014.

The VIM 1002 manages the resources of the NFVI 1004. The NFVI 1004 can include physical or virtual resources and applications (including hypervisors) used to execute the system 1000. The VIM 1002 may manage the life cycle of virtual resources with the NFVI 1004 (e.g., creation, maintenance, and tear down of virtual machines (VMs) associated with one or more physical resources), track VM instances, track performance, fault and security of VM instances and associated physical resources, and expose VM instances and associated physical resources to other management systems.

The VNFM 1006 may manage the VNFs 1008. The VNFs 1008 may be used to execute EPC components/functions. The VNFM 1006 may manage the life cycle of the VNFs 1008 and track performance, fault and security of the virtual aspects of VNFs 1008. The EM 1010 may track the performance, fault and security of the functional aspects of VNFs 1008. The tracking data from the VNFM 1006 and the EM 1010 may comprise, for example, performance measurement (PM) data used by the VIM 1002 or the NFVI 1004. Both the VNFM 1006 and the EM 1010 can scale up/down the quantity of VNFs of the system 1000.

The NFVO 1012 may coordinate, authorize, release and engage resources of the NFVI 1004 in order to provide the requested service (e.g., to execute an EPC function, component, or slice). The NM 1014 may provide a package of end-user functions with the responsibility for the management of a network, which may include network elements with VNFs, non-virtualized network functions, or both (management of the VNFs may occur via the EM 1010).

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 11 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 1100 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 1110, one or more memory/storage devices 1120, and one or more communication resources 1130, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 1140. As used herein, the term “computing resource,” “hardware resource,” etc., may refer to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time and/or processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, and/or the like. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 1102 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 1100. A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc.

The processors 1110 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP) such as a baseband processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor 1112 and a processor 1114.

The memory/storage devices 1120 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 1120 may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or non-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc.

The communication resources 1130 may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 1104 or one or more databases 1106 via a network 1108. For example, the communication resources 1130 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via a Universal Serial Bus (USB)), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. As used herein, the term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to computing resources that are accessible by computer devices via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.

Instructions 1150 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 1110 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 1150 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 1110 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), the memory/storage devices 1120, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 1150 may be transferred to the hardware resources 1100 from any combination of the peripheral devices 1104 or the databases 1106. Accordingly, the memory of processors 1110, the memory/storage devices 1120, the peripheral devices 1104, and the databases 1106 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

In some embodiments, one or more devices and/or components of FIGS. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and/or some other Figure herein, and particularly the baseband circuitry of FIG. 7, may be to: construct a system information block 1—narrowband (SIB1-NB) signal for transmission; and transmit the SIB1-NB signal on a non-anchor carrier for time division duplexed (TDD) further enhanced narrowband internet-of-things (feNB-IoT).

In some embodiments, one or more devices and/or components of FIGS. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and/or some other Figure herein, and particularly the baseband circuitry of FIG. 7, may be to: receive a system information block 1—narrowband (SIB1-NB) signal on a non-anchor carrier for time division duplexed (TDD) further enhanced narrowband internet-of-things (feNB-IoT); and construct a signal for transmission based at least in part on the SIB1-NB signal.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) 1201 communicatively coupled to a fifth generation core network (5GC) 1209, where the NG-RAN 1201 comprises a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) 1205, a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) 1207, and a distributed unit (DU) 1203, according to one embodiment. The NG-RAN 1201 may correspond to an access node, e.g., RAN 111 a or 111 b introduced and described above with respect to FIGS. 1-12. In one embodiment, the DU 1203, the CU-CP 1205, and the CU-UP 1207 are implemented in an NG-RAN node (e.g., a gNodeB (gNB), etc.) that interfaces with a user equipment (UE). Thus, the CU-CP 1205 may also be referred to as a gNB CU-CP 1205, CU-UP 1207 may also be referred to as gNB CU-UP 1207, and DU 1203 may also be referred to as gNB DU 1203. In one embodiment, the DU 1203 interfaces with or is attached to the UE.

As shown in FIG. 12, an interface F1-C 1219 is used to communicatively couple the DU 1203 and the CU-CP 1205. Also, an interface E1 1221 is used to communicatively couple the CU-UP 1207 and the CU-CP 1205. Additionally, an interface NG-C 1223 is used to communicatively couple the CN 1209 and the CU-CP 1205. The interfaces F1-C 1219, E1 1221, and NG-C 1223 carry signaling for setting up, modifying, relocating, and/or releasing a UE context or bearers. The interfaces F1-C 1219, E1 1221, and NG-C 1223 may also have other purposes.

FIG. 12 shows that the DU 1203 sends a message 1211 to the CU-UP 1207 having a CU-UP tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) and address (Addr). The CU-UP TEID may be an F1 uplink (UL) TEID and the address may be an F1 UL transport network layer address (TNLA) that are associated with the CU-UP 1207. In one embodiment, the message 1211 may be transmitted over a user plane interface that carries user data.

FIG. 12 also shows that the CU-UP 1207 sends a message 1213 to the DU 1203 that includes a DU TEID and address. The DU TEID may be an F1 downlink (DL) TEID and the address may be an F1 DL TNLA that are associated with the DU 1203. In one embodiment, the message 1213 may be transmitted over a user plane interface that carries user data.

Additionally, the CU-UP 1207 may send a message 1215 to the CN 1209 that includes a user plane function (UPF) TEID and address. The UPF TEID may be an NG-U UL TEID and the address may be an NG-U UL TNLA that are used by the CU-UP 1207 to send UL user data to a UPF via a general packet radio service tunneling protocol user data (GTP-U) tunnel uniquely identified by the NG-U UL TEID and the NG-U UL TNLA. In one embodiment, the message 1215 may be transmitted over a user plane interface that carries user data.

Moreover, the CN 1209 may send a message 1217 to the CU-UP 1207 that includes a gNB TEID and an address. The gNB TEID may be an NG-U DL TEID and the address may be an NG-U DL TNLA that may be used by a UPF to send DL user data to the CU-UP 1207 via a GTP-U tunnel. In one embodiment, the message 1217 may be transmitted over a user place interface that carries user data. Because the CU-UP 1207 is likely to be installed in a data center, rather than a single physical node, a pool of transport network layer addresses (TNLAs) rather than a single TNLA will be managed by the CU-UP 1207. On the other hand, considering dynamic resource scaling (possibly up or down), virtual machine (VM) migration in the data center, and the well-known advantages of virtualization or cloud computing, a CU-UP 1207 may reject the E1-AP bearer setup request received from the CU-CP 1205. This rejection may be due to a momentary resource shortage. More specifically, due to the resource shortage, the CU-CP 1205 selects the CU-UP 1207 and the TNLA without any confirmation from the CU-CP 1205. Once the CU-UP 1207 rejects the E1-AP bearer setup request from the CU-CP 1205, the CU-CP 1205 has to perform reconfiguration—that is, the CU-CP 1205 must reselect another available CU-UP 1207 and inform the DU 1203 of the unavailability of the TNLA and a CU-UP TEID. Before reconfiguration occurs, the DU 1203 may transmit uplink (UL) packets to the original CU-UP 1207, which can result in packet loss. As a result of this packet loss, the resilience of a system comprising the CU-CP 1205, the CU-UP 1207, and the DU 1203 will be challenged.

In embodiments, robust bearer setup and bearer relocate procedures may be implemented, taking into account the characteristics of the CU-UP 1207's centralized and virtualized deployments. In what follows, and as shown in FIG. 12, E1 procedures (e.g., bearer setup, bearer modify, etc.) performed before and after the F1 procedures (e.g., UE context Setup, bearer setup, etc.) are described. Some advantages, as compared with one or more of the procedures set forth in TR 38.806's signaling flow, are:

1) the DU 1203 becomes resistant to the CU-UP 1207's rejection of bearer setup requests from the CU-CP 1205 during an initial context setup or a bearer setup;

2) the TNLAs and general packet radio service tunneling protocol tunnel endpoint identifiers (GTP TEIDs) for downlink and uplink data delivery between the DU 1203 and the CU-UP 1207 can be set up; and

3) during local failure or VM migration of a CU-UP 1207, an E1 procedure known as “bearer relocate” may be defined to notify the DU 1203 of the new TNLA for one or more GTP tunnels affected by local failure or the VM migration of the CU-UP 1207. That is, bearer relocation may be defined, which allows for exploiting centralized or virtualized deployment of the CU-UP 1207.

Embodiments according to the present disclosure avoid packet loss in case that the CU-UP 1207 rejects a bearer setup request from the CU-CP 1205, which in turn improves system resilience. Embodiments described herein may also enable VM migration of at least some portions of the CU-UP 1207, which is a notable upside of virtualization and cloud computing, by defining a procedure to support bearer relocation.

With regard again to FIG. 12, during an initial attach or bearer activation/modification, the CU-CP 1205, which is the control plane of NG-RAN, may be responsible for: (i) managing bearers on the DU 1203 and the CU-UP 1207; (ii) the setup, modification, and/or release of resources; and/or (iii) notification of a TEID and a TNLA of a GTP endpoint. A GTP endpoint includes, but is not limited to, the DU 1203 and the CU-UP 1207.

In some deployments, the CU-UP 1207, which is the central user-plane of the NG-RAN 1201, is installed in a data center to take advantage of cloud computing and virtualization. Consequently, the CU-UP 1207 may be allocated with a pool of TNLAs. In contrast, the DU 1203 or an eNodeB (a network element of 4G LTE) are not allocated with a pool of TNLAs. A notable advantage of cloud computing is that resources can be dynamically scaled up or down via VM or container migration, which is able to save energy in case of a low workload. Embodiments set forth herein, therefore, can assist with managing bearers during an initial attach procedure, a bearer activation procedure, and a VM migration procedure.

Embodiments described herein include a bearer setup procedure for a UE that includes creating one or more bearers on an NG-RAN or gNodeB comprising a CU-CP, a DU, and a CU-UP. In one embodiment, the process of creating the bearer(s) may be performed during an initial attach procedure. In another embodiment, the process of creating the bearer(s) may be performed during a bearer activation procedure. The initial attach procedure is described below in connection with FIG. 13. The bearer activation procedure is described below in connection with FIG. 14.

With regard now to FIG. 13, a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a bearer setup procedure, which may be performed as part of an initial attach procedure, is shown. In one embodiment, the bearer setup procedure is initiated by the CU-CP 1205 to create one or more bearers on the DU 1203 and the CU-UP 1207 in response to the CU-CP 1205 receiving a UE context and/or bearer activation request from the CN 1209.

The initial attach procedure shown in FIG. 13 begins at operation 1301, where the CU-CP 1205 sends (e.g., transmits, broadcasts, etc.) an E1 application protocol (E1-AP) bearer setup request message to the CU-UP 1207. The E1-AP bearer setup request message may include, but is not limited to, the UE context, NG-U UL transport layer information, and bearer information (e.g., data radio bearer (DRB) to setup list, protocol data unit (PDU) session to setup list, etc.). Next, at operation 1303, the CU-UP 1207 processes the E1-AP bearer setup request and, based on the processed information, the CU-UP 1207 responds to the E1-AP bearer setup request by generating and sending an E1-AP bearer setup response message. The E1-AP bearer setup response message may include an F1 UL TNLA and an F1 UL TEID (used on the UL of F1, which is the link from the DU 1203 to the CU-UP 1207) for the UE.

At operation 1305, the CU-CP 1205 sends an F1 application protocol (F1-AP) UE context setup request message to the DU 1203. The F1-AP UE context setup request message includes the transport layer address of the CU-UP (e.g., F1 UL TNLA), the CU-UP TEID (e.g., F1 UL TEID), and the UE context, so that the DU 1203 can route uplink data to the designated CU-CP, e.g., CU-CP 1205. The DU 1203 may then process the received information. Also, at operation 1307, the DU 1203 sends an F1-AP UE context setup response message to the CU-CP 1205. The F1-AP UE context setup response message includes transport layer address of the DU 1203 (e.g., F1 DL TNLA), DU TEID (e.g., an F1 DL TEID), and a lower layer data radio bearer (DRB) configuration so that the CU-CP 1205 can route downlink data to the designated DU, e.g., DU 1203.

Moving on to operation 1309, the CU-CP 1205 sends an E1-AP bearer modify request message to the CU-UP 1207. The E1-AP bearer modify request message includes the transport layer address of the DU 1203 (e.g., F1 DL TNLA) and the DU TEID (e.g., F1 DL TEID) (used on the downlink of F1, which is the link from the CU-UP 1207 to the DU 1203) for the particular UE. Next, at operation 1311, the CU-UP 1207 processes the F1 DL TNLA and the F1 DL TEID, and sends an E1-AP bearer modify response message to the CU-CP 1205 to indicate establishment of one or more bi-directional GTP tunnels between the DU 1203 and the CU-UP 1207. In one embodiment, a GTP tunnel (or a bearer) is represented by a combination of a TEID and a TNLA. In one embodiment, a TEID is a major field in a GTP tunnel header.

In one embodiment, during the initial attach procedure, the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are allocated and communicated between the CU-CP 1205 and the CU-UP 1207. In one embodiment, the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are allocated by the CU-CP 1205 during any one of operations 1301, 1303, 1309, or 1311. In one embodiment, the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are allocated by the CU-UP 1207 during any one of operations 1301, 1303, 1309, or 1311. Regardless of the how the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are allocated, the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are synchronized between the CU-CP 1205 and the CU-UP 1207.

Moving on to FIG. 14, a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a bearer activation (or setup) procedure is shown. The bearer activation procedure shown in FIG. 14 is initiated by the CU-CP 1205 to create one or more bearers on the DU 1203 and the CU-UP 1207 in response to the CU-CP 1205 receiving a bearer activation request from the CN 1209. In one embodiment, the bearer activation procedure may be performed after the initial attach procedure described above in connection with FIG. 13.

The bearer activation procedure shown in FIG. 14 begins at operation 1401, where the CU-CP 1205 sends (e.g., transmits, broadcasts, etc.) an E1-AP bearer setup request message to the CU-UP 1207. The E1-AP bearer setup request message sent at operation 1401 may be similar to the message sent at operation 1301 of FIG. 13. Next, at operation 1403, the CU-UP 1207 processes the E1-AP bearer setup request message and, based on the processed data, the CU-UP 1207 responds to the E1-AP bearer setup request message by sending an E1-AP bearer setup response message. The E1-AP bearer setup response message may be similar to the message sent at operation 1303 of FIG. 13.

At operation 1405, the CU-CP 1205 sends an F1-AP bearer setup request message to the DU 1203. This may be different from the procedure described in FIG. 13 since a UE context may have already been established during an initial attach. However, like the UE context setup request message, the F1-AP bearer setup request message may include the transport layer address of the CU-UP 1207 (e.g., F1 UL TNLA) and the CU-UP TEID (e.g., the F1 UL TEID). The DU 1203 processes the information in the FI-AP bearer setup request message and, at operation 1407, the DU 1203 generates and sends an F1-AP bearer setup response message to the CU-CP 1205. The F1-AP bearer setup response includes a transport layer address of the DU 1203 (e.g., F1 DL TNLA), DU TEID (e.g., an F1 DL TEID), and a lower layer DRB configuration so that the CU-CP 1205 can route downlink data to the designated DU, e.g., DU 1203.

Moving on to operation 1409, the CU-CP 1205 generates and sends an E1-AP bearer modify request message to the CU-UP 1207. The E1-AP bearer modify request message may be similar to the message sent at operation 1309 of FIG. 13. Next, at operation 1411, the CU-UP 1207 processes the information in the E1-AP bearer modify request message and generates and sends an E1-AP bearer modify response message to the CU-CP 1205 to indicate activation of one or more bi-directional GTP tunnels between the DU 1203 and the CU-UP 1207 by the CU-UP 1207.

In one embodiment, during the bearer activation procedure, the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are allocated and communicated between the CU-CP 1205 and the CU-UP 1207. In one embodiment, the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are allocated by the CU-CP 1205 during any one of operations 1401, 1403, 1409, or 1411. In one embodiment, the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are allocated by the CU-UP 1207 during any one of operations 1401, 1403, 1409, or 1411. Regardless of the how the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are allocated, the NG-U DL TEID and NG-U DL TNLA are synchronized between the CU-CP 1205 and the CU-UP 1207.

FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of a bearer relocate procedure, according to one embodiment. As shown, the bearer relocate procedure is initiated by the CU-UP 1207 to change the F1 UL TNLA of the CU-UP 1207 for one or more GTP tunnels that have been affected by local failure or VM migration of at least one portion of the CU-UP. The local failure or VM migration may occur due to resource restructuring, resource shortage, or resource unavailability. For example, resources may be scaled down in a data center housing the CU-UP 1207 that require VM migration of at least one portion of the CU-UP 1207.

Prior to performance of the bearer relocate procedure, one or more GTP tunnels associated with the CU-UP 1207 are assigned an F1 UL TNLA. In response to local failure or VM migration of at least one portion of the CU-UP 1207, the bearer relocate procedure shown in FIG. 15 is initiated to change the F1 UL TNLA of the affected GTP tunnel(s). The procedure shown in FIG. 15 begins at operation 1501, where the CU-UP 1207 sends an E1-AP bearer relocate request message to the CU-CP 1205. In one embodiment, the E1-AP bearer relocate request message includes a new transport layer address (e.g., F1 UL TNLA) for the one or more affected GTP tunnels. The new F1 UL TNLA, which was assigned by the CU-UP 1207 to the affected GTP tunnel(s), differs from the F1 UL TNLA that was assigned to the GTP tunnel(s) prior to performance of the bearer relocate procedure.

Next, at operation 1503, the CU-CP 1205 generates and sends an F1-AP bearer modify request message to the DU 1203. The F1-AP bearer modify request message includes the newly assigned F1 UL TNLA for the affected bearer(s) (e.g., the affected GTP tunnel(s)).

At operation 1505, the DU 1203 generates and sends an F1-AP bearer modify response message to the CU-CP 1205. The F1-AP bearer modify response message may include a newly assigned F1 DL TNLA for the affected bearer(s) (e.g., the affected GTP tunnel(s)).

Moving on, at operation 1507, the CU-CP 1205 sends an E1-AP bearer relocation acknowledgment message to the CU-UP 1207 to acknowledge a successful bearer relocation. In one embodiment, the bearer relocation acknowledgement message comprises a second TNLA for F1 downlink (DL). In one embodiment, the second TNLA is updated by the DU for each affected GTP-U tunnel. In one embodiment, the second TNLA is not updated.

It is to be appreciated that the F1 UL TEID associated with the affected bearer(s) (e.g., the affected GTP tunnel(s)) may or may not have changed prior to, during, or after performance of any one of the operations described above in connection with FIG. 15. For example, the CU-UP 1207 may assign a new F1 UL TEID to the affected bearer(s) (e.g., the affected GTP tunnel(s)) prior to, during, or after performance of any one of the operations described above in connection with FIG. 15.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustration of a method 1600 of performing bearer setup during an initial attach procedure, according to one embodiment. The method 1600 can be performed by a CU-CP (e.g., the CU-CP 1205, etc.). The method 1600 begins at operation 1601, where a UE context is received from a SGC, as described above in connection with FIG. 13. Next, at operation 1603, an E1-AP bearer setup request message is transmitted to a CU-UP, as described above in connection with FIG. 13. At operation 1605, an E1-AP bearer setup response message is received from the CU-UP, as described above in connection with FIG. 13. At operation 1607, an F1-AP UE context setup request message is transmitted to a DU, as described above in connection with FIG. 13. Following that, at operation 1609, an F1-AP UE context setup response message is received from the DU, as described above in connection with FIG. 13. Moving on, at operation 1611, an E1-AP bearer modify request message is transmitted to the CU-UP, as described above in connection with FIG. 13. The method 1600 proceeds to operation 1613, where an E1-AP bearer modify response message is received from the CU-UP, as described above in connection with FIG. 13. In one embodiment, the method 1600 enables establishment of one or more GTP tunnels between the DU and the CU-UP.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustration of a method 1700 of performing a bearer activation procedure, according to one embodiment. The method 1700 can be performed by a CU-CP (e.g., the CU-CP 1205). The method 1700 begins at operation 1701, where a bearer activation request message is received from a SGC, as described above in connection with FIG. 14. Next, at operation 1703, an E1-AP bearer setup request message is transmitted to a CU-UP, as described above in connection with FIG. 14. At operation 1705, an E1-AP bearer setup response message is received from the CU-UP, as described above in connection with FIG. 14. At operation 1707, an F1-AP bearer setup request message is transmitted to a DU, as described above in connection with FIG. 14. Following that, at operation 1709, an F1-AP bearer setup response message is received from the DU, as described above in connection with FIG. 14. Moving on, at operation 1711, an E1-AP bearer modify request message is transmitted to the CU-UP, as described above in connection with FIG. 14. The method 1700 proceeds to operation 1713, where an E1-AP bearer modify response message is received from the CU-UP, as described above in connection with FIG. 14. In one embodiment, the method 1700 enables activation or establishment of one or more GTP tunnels between the DU and the CU-UP.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustration of a method 1800 of performing a bearer relocation procedure, according to one embodiment. The method 1800 may be performed by a CU-UP (e.g., CU-UP 1207, etc.). The method 1800 begins at operation 1801, where one or more GTP tunnels are assigned a new TNLA and/or TEID, as described above in connection with FIG. 15. Next, at operation 1803, an E1-AP bearer relocate request message is transmitted to a CU-CP, as described above in connection with FIG. 15. After the CU-CP has communicated the new F1 UL TNLA and F1 UL TEID to the corresponding DU via an F1 UE Context Modify procedure (e.g., operations 1503 and 1505 that are described above in connection FIG. 15), the method 1800 proceeds to operation 1805. Here, an E1-AP bearer relocation acknowledgment message is received from the CU-CP to indicate that the assigned TNLA and/or TEID has been used to replace a previously assigned TNLA and/or TEID, as described above in connection with FIG. 15. The method 1800 can be used to change an F1 UL TNLA and/or an F1 UL TEID of one or more GTP tunnels affected by local failure or VM migration of at least one portion of the CU-UP.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustration of a method 1900 of modifying bearers for a UE, according to one embodiment. In embodiments, a device or apparatus (e.g., a gNodeB, baseband circuitry, a central processing unit (CPU), etc.) selected from FIGS. 1-4,12-18, or some other figure herein, may be used to perform the method 1900. The method 1900 begins at operation 1901, where a device or apparatus receives a first message from a 5G Core Network (5GC). Next, at operation 1903, the device or apparatus selects a CU-UP and sends a second message to the selected CU-UP to reserve resources for a UE. Next, at operation 1905, the device or apparatus sends a third message to a DU to which the UE is attached to reserve and configure resources for the UE. The method 1900 proceeds to operation 1907, where the device or apparatus sends a fourth message to the CU-UP to modify bearers for the UE.

In some embodiments, the first message from 5GC contains an NG-U UL TEID and an NG-U UL TNLA of the User Plane Function (UPF) of 5GC. In some embodiments, the second message is further to contain an NG-U UL TNLA and a TEID of the UPF, and, if the device or apparatus is responsible for configuring it, the second message also includes an F1 UL TEID. In some embodiments, the second message may invoke a fifth message from the CU-UP that includes an F1 UL TEID assigned by the CU-UP and a TNLA of the CU-UP to be used on an F1 interface that connects the CU-UP and a DU. In some embodiments, the third message contains an F1 UL TNLA and TEID of a selected CU-UP. In some embodiments, the third message may invoke a sixth message from the DU that includes an F1 DL TEID assigned by the DU and a TNLA of the DU. In some embodiments, the fourth message contains an F1 DL TEID and a TNLA of the DU, and may include an NG-U DL TEID if the device or apparatus is responsible for configuring the NG-U DL TEID.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustration of a method 2000 of modifying bearers for a UE, according to one embodiment. In embodiments, a device or apparatus (e.g., a gNodeB, baseband circuitry, a central processing unit (CPU), etc.) selected from FIGS. 1-4,12-18, or some other figure herein, may be used to perform the method 2000. The method 2000 begins at operation 2001, where the device or apparatus receives a first message from a CU-CP. Next, at operation 2003, the device or apparatus reserves resources for a particular UE, allocates an F1 UL TEID for a particular bearer of the UE, and responds with a second message. The method 2000 proceeds to operation 2005, where the device or apparatus receives a third message from the CU-CP, and configures an F1 DL TEID and a TNLA accordingly. Next, at operation 2007, the device or apparatus transmits or receives data packets to or from a DU that the CU-UP is connected to. At operation 2009, the device or apparatus transmits or receives data packets to or from a SGC.

In some embodiments, the first message contains an NG-U UL TEID and an NG-U UL TNLA of a UPF, and if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring an NG-U DL TEID, then the first message is to further include the NG-U DL TEID. In some embodiments, the second message contains an F1 UL TEID assigned by the device or apparatus, an F1 UL TNLA of the apparatus, and, if the apparatus is responsible for configuring an NG-U DL TEID, then the second message is to further include the NG-U DL TEID. In some embodiments, the third message contains an F1 DL TEID assigned by the DU and an F1 DL TNLA of the DU, and if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring an NG-U DL TEID, then the third message may include the NG-U DL TEID.

In some embodiments, a device or apparatus selected from one or more of FIGS. 1-4, 12-18, or some other figure herein, may be configured to: receive a first message from a CU-CP, and reserve and configure resources for a particular UE; and transmit or receive data packets to or from a CU-UP that the apparatus is connected to. In further embodiments, the first message contains an F1 UL TEID assigned by a CU-UP and an F1 UL TNLA of the CU-UP. In further embodiments, the device or apparatus may be configured to send, in response to the first message, a second message to the CU-CP, where the message contains an F1 DL TEID assigned by the device or apparatus and an F1 DL TNLA of the apparatus.

In some embodiments, a device or apparatus selected from one or more of FIGS. 1-4, 12-18, or some other figure herein, may be configured to: receive a first message from a CU-UP in case of bearer relocation induced by local failure or VM migration or other reasons. In further embodiments, the first message contains a new F1 UL TNLA of a GTP tunnel to be relocated. In further embodiments, the device or apparatus is further configured to transmit a second message to a DU, where the second message contains a new F1 UL TNLA of GTP tunnel to be relocated.

FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration of process of a call flow from an idle state to a connected state with a bearer setup procedure embedded in the call flow, according to one embodiment. As shown, the call flow is implemented by a UE 2103, a gNodeB 2101, and CN 1209, where the gNodeB 2101 comprises a DU 1203, a CU-CP 1205, and a CU-UP 1207. The call flow shown in FIG. 21 begins at operation 1, where the UE 2103 generates and sends a random access message to the DU 1203. Next, at operation 2, The DU 1203 processes the random access message and generates and sends a random access response message to the UE 2103. At operation 3, the UE 2103 generates and sends a radio resource control (RRC) connection setup request message to the DU 1203. In one embodiment, the RRC connection setup request message will include a core network (CN) UE temporary identifier. Next, operation 4 a is performed. Operation 4 a includes the DU 1203 generating and responding to the RRC connection setup request message, with a layer 2 (L2) contention resolution message. In one embodiment, the L2 contention resolution message echoes the content(s) of the RRC connection setup request message back to the UE 2103. The L2 contention resolution message can be generated and sent before or after operation 4 b, which includes the DU 1203 generating and sending the RRC connection setup request message to the CU-CP 1205 in an F1-AP initial UL RRC message. This message includes additional information such as an F1-AP UE identifier, a UE assigned cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI), and a lower layer configuration. Next, at operation 5, in response to the CU-CP 1205 accepting the UE 2103, the CU-CP 1205 will generate an RRC connection setup message and send this message in an F1-AP DL RRC transfer message to the DU 1203. In addition to the RRC connection setup message, the F1-AP DL RRC transfer message contains an F1-AP UE identifier. The content of the RRC connection setup message may include information received from the DU 1203 in operation 4. At operation 6 and 7, the RRC connection is set up via messages communicated between the UE 2103 and the DU 1203. Next, at operation 8, the DU 1203 forwards the UE RRC message to the CU-CP 1205. The forwarded RRC message may contain NAS information, information related to CN node selection, slicing information, etc. Operation 9 includes the CU-CP 1205 sending an NG-AP initial UE message to the CN 1209. Operation 10 includes the CN 1209 generating and sending an NG-AP initial context setup request message in response to the CN 1209's decision to set up the UE context.

Next, at operation 11 (e.g., 11 a, 11 b, 11 b′), the RAN 2101 receives the UE context and initiates several procedures, some of which may happen in parallel. Operations 11 a-13 a correspond to the security mode command procedure triggering the setup of UE security. From this point on, subsequent radio signaling or data will be encrypted and the signaling will be integrity protected. These operations can be performed in parallel with operations 11 b-13 b′.

With regard now to operations 11 b-11 b′, the CU-CP 1205 secures an address (e.g., a TNLA, etc.), a CU-UP TEID (used on F1), and resources in the CU-UP 1207 for the UE 2103. In one embodiment, the CU-UP 1207 allocates the CU-UP TEID to the UE 2103; however, the DU 1203's TEID will be updated in operations 13 b-13 b′.

Moving on to operations 12 b-12 b′, the CU-CP 1205 generates and sends an F1-AP UE context setup request message to the DU 1203 in order to set up resources in the DU 1203 for the UE 2103. The DU 1203 then generates and sends an F1-AP UE context setup response message to the CU-CP 1205. A DU TEID (used on F1) and an address (e.g., a TNLA, etc.) associated with the DU 1203 are included in the F1-AP UE context setup response message. In operation 12 b, the DU 1203 is provided with UE context information including UE radio access capabilities, one or more UE data radio bearers (DRBs), a CU-UP TEID, and quality of service (QoS) related information. The DU 1203 then configures and allocates resources for the UE 2103. In operation 12 b′, the lower layer configuration of the DRB(s) are provided to the CU-CP 1205.

Referring now to operations 13-13 b′, the CU-CP 1205 generates and sends an E1-AP bearer modification message to the CU-UP 1207 to update the DU TEID and the address (e.g., a TNLA, etc.) associated with the DU 1203. The CU-UP 1207 also completes creation of one or more bearers for the particular UE 2103 in response to the E1-AP bearer modification message. Following creation of the bearer(s), the CU-UP 1207 generates and sends an E1-AP bearer modification response message to the CU-CP 1205 to indicate completion of the creation of the bearer(s).

In one embodiment, a TEID used on NG-U can be allocated by either the CU-CP 1205 or the CU-UP 1207. However, this TEID should be synchronized between the CU-CP 1205 or the CU-UP 1207 via any of operations 11 b, 11 b′, 13 b and 13 b′.

Operation 15 includes the CU-CP 1205 generating and sending an RRC connection reconfiguration message to the DU 1203. In one embodiment, operation 15 is performed after operations 12 b-12 b′, since the RRC message contains lower layer configuration of the DRBs provided by the DU 1203. In one embodiment, operation 15 can happen before operations 14 and 13 b′. Next, and with regard to operations 16 and 17, an RRC reconfiguration procedure is performed by communicating messages between the DU 1203 and the UE 2103. After performance of operations 16 and 17, UL data transmission can start. Operation 18 includes the DU 1203 encapsulating the RRC message in an F1-AP UL RRC message transfer message and sending the message to the CU-CP 1205. Next, operation 19 is performed. Operation 19 includes the CU-CP 1205 generates and sends an NG-AP initial context setup response message to the CN 1209 in order to acknowledge the context setup request from the CN 1209. The CU-CP 1205 also provides the CN 1209 with one or more TEIDs for the CU-UP 1207 at operation 19.

For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

EXAMPLES

The examples set forth herein are illustrative not exhaustive.

Example 1 may include an apparatus for computing, comprising:

means to receive a first message from a 5G Core Network (5GC);

means to select a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) and means to send a second message to the selected CU-UP to reserve resources for a particular user equipment (UE);

means to send a third message to a DU to which the UE is attached, to reserve and configure resources for the UE; and

means to send a fourth message to the CU-UP to modify bearers for the UE.

Example 2 may include the apparatus for computing of example 1, or other example herein, wherein the first message from 5GC contains TEID and transport network layer address of a user plane function (UPF) of 5GC.

Example 3 may include the apparatus for computing of example 1, or other example herein, wherein a second message sent by the means to send a second message contains transport network layer address and TEID of User Plane Function (UPF), and may include gNB TEID if the apparatus for computing is responsible for configuring it.

Example 4 may include the apparatus for computing of example 1, or other example herein, wherein the second message may invoke a fifth message from the CU-UP which includes CU-UP TEID assigned by the CU-UP, transport network layer address of the CU-UP to be used on an F1 interface, which connects the CU-UP and a distributed unit (DU).

Example 5 may include the apparatus for computing of example 1, or other example herein, wherein the third message contains transport network layer address and TEID of the selected CU-UP.

Example 6 may include the apparatus for computing of example 1, or other example herein, wherein the third message may invoke a sixth message from the DU which includes a DU TEID assigned by the DU and a transport network layer address of the DU.

Example 7 may include the apparatus for computing of example 1, or other example herein, wherein the fourth message contains a DU TEID and a transport network layer address of the DU, and may include a gNB TEID if the apparatus for computing is responsible for configuring it.

Example 8 may include an apparatus for computing, comprising:

means to receive a first message from a CU-CP;

means to reserve resources for a particular UE, and means to allocate CU-UP TEID for a particular bearer of the UE and means to respond with a second message;

means to receive a third message from the CU-CP, and means to configure a DU TEID and a transport network layer address accordingly;

means to transmit or receive data packets to or from a DU that the CU-CP is connected to; and

means to transmit or receive data packets to or from a 5G Core Network (5GC).

Example 9 may include the apparatus for computing of example 8, or other example herein, wherein the first message contains TEID and transport network layer address of UPF, and, if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it, also includes a gNB TEID.

Example 10 may include the apparatus for computing of example 8, or other example herein, wherein the second message contains a CU-UP TEID assigned by the apparatus, a transport network layer address of the apparatus, and if the apparatus for computing is responsible for configuring it, is further to include a gNB TEID.

Example 11 may include the apparatus for computing of example 8, or other example herein, wherein the third message contains a DU TEID assigned by the DU and transport network layer address of the DU, and if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it, a gNB TEID.

Example 12 may include an apparatus for computing, comprising:

means to receive a first message from a CU-CP;

means to reserve and configure resources for a particular UE; and

means to transmit or receive data packets to or from a CU-CP that the apparatus for computing is connected to.

Example 13 may include the apparatus for computing of example 12, or other example herein, wherein the first message contains CU-UP TEID assigned by a CU-UP and a transport network layer address of the CU-UP.

Example 14 may include the apparatus for computing of example 12, or other example herein, further comprising means to send, in response to the first message, a second message to the CU-CP, the second message to contain a DU TEID assigned by the DU and a transport network layer address of the DU.

Example 15 may include an apparatus for computing, comprising means to receive a first message from a CU-UP in case of bearer relocation induced by VM migration or other reasons.

Example 16 may include the apparatus for computing of example 15, or other example herein, wherein the first message contains a new transport network layer address of a GTP tunnel to be relocated.

Example 17 may include the apparatus for computing of example 15, or other example herein, further comprising means to transmit a second message to a DU, the second message to contain a new transport network layer address of GTP tunnel to be relocated.

Example 18 may include the apparatus for computing of any one of examples 1-7, wherein the apparatus for computing is a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of NG-RAN.

Example 19 may include the apparatus for computing of any one of examples 8-11, wherein the apparatus for computing is a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of NG-RAN.

Example 20 may include the apparatus for computing of any one of examples 12-14, wherein the apparatus for computing is a distributed unit (DU) of NG-RAN.

Example 21 may include an apparatus, to:

receive a first message from 5G Core Network (5GC);

select a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) and means to send a second message to the selected CU-UP to reserve resources for a particular user equipment (UE);

send a third message to a DU to which the UE is attached, to reserve and configure resources for the UE; and

send a fourth message to the CU-UP to modify bearers for the particular UE.

Example 22 may include the apparatus of example 21, or other example herein, wherein the first message from 5GC contains TEID and transport network layer address of a user plane function (UPF) of 5GC.

Example 23 may include the apparatus of example 21, or other example herein, wherein the second message is further to contain a transport network layer address and a TEID of User Plane Function (UPF), and, if the apparatus is responsible for configuring it, also to include a gNB TEID.

Example 24 may include the apparatus of example 21, or other example herein, wherein the second message invokes a fifth message from the CU-UP which includes a CU-UP TEID assigned by the CU-UP, a transport network layer address of the CU-UP to be used on an F1 interface which connects the CU-UP, and a distributed unit (DU).

Example 25 may include the apparatus of example 21, or other example herein, wherein the third message contains a transport network layer address and a TEID of the selected CU-UP.

Example 26 may include the apparatus of example 21, or other example herein, wherein the third message may invoke a sixth message from the DU which includes a DU TEID assigned by the DU and a transport network layer address of the DU.

Example 27 may include the apparatus of example 21, or other example herein, wherein the fourth message contains a DU TEID and a transport network layer address of the DU, and, if the apparatus is responsible for configuring it, further includes a gNB TEID

Example 28 may include an apparatus, to:

receive a first message from a CU-CP;

reserve resources for a particular UE, allocate a CU-UP TEID for a particular bearer of the UE and respond with a second message;

receive a third message from the CU-CP, and configure a DU TEID and a transport network layer address accordingly;

transmit or receive data packets to or from a DU that the CU-CP is connected to; and

transmit or receive data packets to or from a 5G Core Network (5GC).

Example 29 may include the apparatus of example 28, or other example herein, wherein the first message contains a TEID and transport network layer address of a UPF, and if the CU-UP is responsible for configuring it, a gNB TEID.

Example 30 may include the apparatus of example 28, or other example herein, wherein the second message contains a CU-UP TEID assigned by the apparatus, a transport network layer address of the apparatus, and, if the apparatus is responsible for configuring it, is to further include a gNB TEID.

Example 31 may include the apparatus of example 28, or other example herein, wherein the third message contains a DU TEID assigned by the DU and a transport network layer address of the DU, and if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it, a gNB TEID.

Example 32 may include an apparatus, to:

receive a first message from a CU-CP, and reserve and configure resources for a particular UE; and

transmit or receive data packets to or from a CU-CP that the apparatus is connected to.

Example 33 may include the apparatus of example 32 or other example herein, wherein the first message contains a CU-UP TEID assigned by a CU-UP and a transport network layer address of the CU-UP.

Example 34 may include the apparatus of example 32, or other example herein, further to: in response to the first message, send a second message to the CU-CP which contains a DU TEID assigned by the apparatus and a transport network layer address of the apparatus.

Example 35 may include an apparatus, to: receive a first message from a CU-UP in case of bearer relocation induced by VM migration or other reasons.

Example 36 may include the apparatus of example 35, or other example herein, wherein the first message contains a new transport network layer address of a GTP tunnel to be relocated.

Example 37 may include the apparatus of example 35, or other example herein, further to transmit a second message to a DU, the second message to contain a new transport network layer address of a GTP tunnel to be relocated.

Example 38 may include the apparatus of any one of examples 21-27, wherein the apparatus is a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of NG-RAN.

Example 39 may include the apparatus of any one of examples 28-31, wherein the apparatus is a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of NG-RAN.

Example 40 may include the apparatus of any one of examples 32-34, wherein the apparatus is a distributed unit (DU) of NG-RAN.

Example 41 may include a method, comprising:

receiving or causing to receive a first message from 5G Core Network (5GC);

selecting or causing to select a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) and sending or causing to send a second message to the selected CU-UP to reserve resources for a particular user equipment (UE);

sending or causing to send a third message to a DU to which the UE is attached, to reserve and configure resources for the UE; and

sending or causing to send a fourth message to the CU-UP to modify bearers for the particular UE.

Example 42 may include the method of example 41, or other example herein, wherein the first message from 5GC contains a TEID and a transport network layer address of a user plane function (UPF) of 5GC.

Example 43 may include the method of example 41, or other example herein, further comprising including or causing to include in the second message a transport network layer address and a TEID of User Plane Function (UPF), and possibly including or causing to include a gNB TEID.

Example 44 may include the method of example 41, or other example herein, wherein the second message invokes a fifth message from the CU-UP which includes a CU-UP TEID assigned by the CU-UP, a transport network layer address of the CU-UP to be used on an F1 interface which connects the CU-UP, and a distributed unit (DU).

Example 45 may include the method of example 41, or other example herein, further comprising including or causing to include in the third message a transport network layer address and a TEID of the selected CU-UP.

Example 46 may include the method of example 41, or other example herein, wherein the third message may invoke a sixth message from the DU which includes a DU TEID assigned by the DU and a transport network layer address of the DU.

Example 47 may include the method of example 41, or other example herein, further comprising including or causing to include in the fourth message a DU TEID and a transport network layer address of the DU, and possibly including or causing to include a gNB TEID.

Example 48 may include a method, comprising:

receiving or causing to receive a first message from a CU-CP;

reserving or causing to reserve resources for a particular UE, allocating or causing to allocate a CU-UP TEID for a particular bearer of the UE and responding or causing to respond with a second message;

receiving or causing to receive a third message from the CU-CP, and configure a DU TEID and a transport network layer address accordingly;

transmitting or receiving, or causing to transmit or to receive, data packets to or from a DU that the CU-CP is connected to; and

transmitting or receiving, or causing to transmit or to receive, data packets to or from a 5G Core Network (5GC).

Example 49 may include the method of example 48, or other example herein, wherein the first message contains a TEID and transport network layer address of a UPF, and if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it, further includes a gNB TEID.

Example 50 may include the method of example 48, or other example herein, further comprising including or causing to include, in the second message, a CU-UP TEID assigned by a CU-UP, a transport network layer address of the CU-UP, and further including or causing to include a gNB TEID.

Example 51 may include the method of example 48, or other example herein, wherein the third message contains a DU TEID assigned by the DU and a transport network layer address of the DU, and if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it, further includes a gNB TEID.

Example 52 may include a method, comprising:

receiving or causing to receive a first message from a CU-CP, and reserve and configure resources for a particular UE; and

transmitting or receiving, or causing to transmit or receive, data packets to or from a connected CU-CP.

Example 53 may include the method of example 52 or other example herein, wherein the first message contains a CU-UP TEID assigned by a CU-UP and a transport network layer address of the CU-UP.

Example 54 may include the method of example 52, or other example herein, further comprising: in response to the first message, sending or causing to send a second message to the CU-CP which contains a DU TEID and a transport network layer address.

Example 55 may include a method, comprising:

receiving or causing to receive a first message from a CU-UP in case of bearer relocation induced by VM migration or other reasons.

Example 56 may include the method of example 55, or other example herein, wherein the first message contains a new transport network layer address of a GTP tunnel to be relocated.

Example 57 may include the method of example 55, or other example herein, further comprising: transmitting or causing to transmit a second message to a DU, the second message to contain a new transport network layer address of a GTP tunnel to be relocated.

Example 58 may include the method of any one of examples 41-47, wherein the method is performed by a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of NG-RAN, or a portion thereof.

Example 59 may include the method of any one of examples 48-51, wherein the method is performed by a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of NG-RAN, or a portion thereof.

Example 60 may include the method of any one of examples 52-54, wherein the method is performed by a distributed unit (DU) of NG-RAN, or a portion thereof.

Example 61 may include central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of NG-RAN, which

receives a first message from 5G Core Network (5GC), then selects a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) and sends a second message to the selected CU-UP to reserve resources for a particular user equipment (UE);

sends a third message to the DU to which the UE is attached, to reserve and configure resources for the UE;

sends a fourth message to the CU-UP to modify bearers for the particular UE.

Example 62 may include the CU-CP of example 61 or some other example herein, wherein the first message from 5GC contains TEID and transport network layer address of a User Plane Function (UPF) of 5GC.

Example 63 may include the CU-CP of example 61 or some other example herein, wherein the second message contains transport network layer address and TEID of User Plane Function (UPF), and may include gNB TEID if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it.

Example 64 may include the CU-CP of example 61 or some other example herein, wherein the second message may invoke a fifth message from the CU-UP which includes CU-UP TEID assigned by the CU-UP, transport network layer address of the CU-UP to be used on F1 interface, which connects CU-UP and distributed unit (DU).

Example 65 may include the CU-CP of example 61 or some other example herein, wherein the third message contains transport network layer address and TEID of the selected CU-UP.

Example 66 may include the CU-CP of example 61 or some other example herein, wherein the third message may invoke a sixth message from DU which includes DU TEID assigned by the DU and transport network layer address of the DU.

Example 67 may include the CU-CP of example 61 or some other example herein, wherein the fourth message contains DU TEID and transport network layer address of the DU, and may include gNB TEID if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it.

Example 68 may include a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of NG-RAN, which

receives a first message from a CU-CP, then reserves resources for a particular UE, allocates CU-UP TEID for a particular bearer of the UE and responds with a second message;

receives a third message from the CU-CP, and then configures DU TEID and transport network layer address accordingly;

transmits/receives data packets to/from a DU that the CU-CP is connected to; and

transmits/receives data packets to/from SGC.

Example 69 may include the CU-UP of example 68 or some other example herein, wherein the first message contains TEID and transport network layer address of a UPF, and may include gNB TEID if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it.

Example 70 may include the CU-UP of example 68 or some other example herein, wherein the second message contains CU-UP TEID assigned by the CU-UP, transport network layer address of the CU-UP and may include gNB TEID if the CU-UP is responsible for configuring it.

Example 71 may include the CU-UP of example 68 or some other example herein, wherein the third message contains DU TEID assigned by the DU and transport network layer address of the DU, and may include gNB TEID if the CU-CP is responsible for configuring it.

Example 72 may include a distributed unit (DU) of NG-RAN, which

receives a first message from a CU-CP, and then reserves and configures resources for a particular UE;

transmits/receives data packets to/from the CU-CP that the DU is connected to.

Example 73 may include the DU of example 72 or some other example herein, wherein the first message contains CU-UP TEID assigned by a CU-UP and transport network layer address of the CU-UP.

Example 74 may include the DU of example 72 or some other example herein, where the first message may invoke a second message to CU-CP which contains DU TEID assigned by the DU and transport network layer address of the DU.

Example 75 may include a CU-CP of NG-RAN, in case of VM migration or other reasons induced bearer relocation, which receives a first message from a CU-UP.

Example 76 may include the CU-CP of example 75 or some other example herein, wherein the first message contains a new transport network layer address of a GTP tunnel to be relocated.

Example 77 may include the CU-CP of example 75 or some other example herein, wherein a send message is transmitted to a DU, which contains a new transport network layer address of a GTP tunnel to be relocated.

Example 78 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-60, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 79 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-60, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 80 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-60, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 81 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-60, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 82 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-60, or portions thereof.

Example 83 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-60, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 84 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example 85 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example 86 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Example 87 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Any of the above described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. 

1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including computer executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of a next generation NodeB (gNodeB or gNB) to: generate and cause transmission of a bearer setup request message to a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of the gNodeB; receive, from the CU-UP, a bearer setup response message that is to include a transport network layer address (TNLA) and a tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) for F1 uplink (UL) associated with the CU-UP; and generate and cause transmission of a user equipment (UE) context setup request message to a distributed unit (DU) of the gNodeB, wherein the UE context setup request message includes the TNLA and TEID for F1 UL associated with the CU-UP.
 2. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the CU-CP to: receive, from the DU, a UE context setup response message that is to include a TNLA and a TEID for F1 downlink (DL) associated with the DU; generate and cause transmission of a bearer modify request message to the CU-UP, wherein the bearer modify request message is to include the TNLA and TEID for F1 DL associated with the DU; and receive, from the CU-UP, a bearer modify response message that is to indicate establishment of one or more general packet radio service tunneling protocol (GTP) tunnels between the DU and the CU-UP.
 3. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the CU-UP is implemented using virtualization technology or cloud computing technology.
 4. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the TNLA for F1 UL is selected from a plurality of TNLAs.
 5. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein the UE context setup response message further comprises a data radio bearer (DRB) configuration.
 6. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein a GTP tunnel is represented by a combination of TEIDs and TNLAs.
 7. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: receive a TEID that is assigned to F1 UL from the CU-UP.
 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including computer executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of a next generation (gNodeB or gNB) to: generate and cause transmission of a bearer setup message to a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of the gNodeB; receive, from the CU-UP, a bearer setup response message that is to include a transport network layer address (TNLA) and a tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) for F1 uplink (UL) associated with the CU-UP; and generate and cause transmission of a bearer context setup request message to a distributed unit (DU) of the gNodeB that is to include the TNLA and TEID for F1 UL associated with the CU-UP.
 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the CU-CP to: receive, from the DU, a bearer context setup response message that is to include a TNLA and a TEID for F1 downlink (DL) associated with the DU; generate and cause transmission of a bearer modify message to the CU-UP, wherein the bearer modify message comprises the TNLA and TEID for F1 DL associated with the DU; and receive a bearer modify response message from the CU-UP, wherein the bearer modify response message indicates activation of one or more general packet radio service tunneling protocol (GTP) tunnels between the DU and the CU-UP.
 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the CU-UP is implemented using virtualization technology or cloud computing technology and wherein the TNLA for F1 UL is selected from a plurality of TNLAs.
 11. An apparatus to implement a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of a next generation NodeB (gNodeB or gNB), the apparatus comprising: interface circuitry to transmit and receive messages; and processing circuitry, coupled with the interface circuitry, to generate a bearer setup request message and cause the interface circuitry to transmit the bearer setup request message to a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of the gNodeB; receive, from the CU-UP via the interface circuitry, a bearer setup response message that is to include a transport network layer address (TNLA) and a tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) for F1 uplink (UL) associated with the CU-UP; and generate a user equipment (UE) context setup request message and cause the interface circuitry to transmit the UE context setup request message to a distributed unit (DU) of the gNodeB, wherein the UE context setup request message comprises the TNLA and TEID for F1 UL associated with the CU-UP.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further to: receive, from the DU via the interface circuitry, a UE context setup response message that is to include a TNLA and a TEID for F1 downlink (DL) associated with the DU; generate and cause the interface circuitry to transmit a bearer modify request message to the CU-UP, wherein the bearer modify request message is to include the TNLA and TEID for F1 DL associated with the DU; and receive, from the CU-UP via the interface circuitry, a bearer modify response message that is to indicate establishment of one or more general packet radio service tunneling protocol (GTP) tunnels between the DU and the CU-UP.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the CU-UP is implemented using virtualization technology or cloud computing technology.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the TNLA for F1 UL is selected from a plurality of TNLAs.
 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the UE context setup response message further comprises a data radio bearer (DRB) configuration.
 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein a GTP tunnel is represented by a combination of TEID and a TNLA.
 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further to: receive, via the interface circuitry, a TEID that is assigned to F1 UL from the CU-UP.
 18. An apparatus comprising one or more baseband processors coupled to a central processing unit (CPU), the apparatus comprising means for causing a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of a next generation (gNodeB or gNB) to: generate and cause transmission of a bearer setup message to a central-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of the gNodeB; receive, from the CU-UP, a bearer setup response message that is to include a transport network layer address (TNLA) and a tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) for F1 uplink (UL) associated with the CU-UP; and generate and cause transmission of a bearer context setup request message to a distributed unit (DU) of the gNodeB that is to include the TNLA and TEID for F1 UL associated with the CU-UP, wherein a third message comprises a first TNLA and a first TEID.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the apparatus further comprises means for causing the CU-CP to: receive, from the DU, a bearer context setup response message that is to include a TNLA and a TEID for F1 downlink (DL) associated with the DU; generate and cause transmission of a bearer modify message to the CU-UP, wherein the bearer modify message comprises the TNLA and TEID for F1 DL associated with the DU; and receive a bearer modify response message from the CU-UP, wherein the bearer modify response message indicates activation of one or more general packet radio service tunneling protocol (GTP) tunnels between the DU and the CU-UP.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the CU-UP is implemented using virtualization technology or cloud computing technology and wherein the TNLA for F1 UL is selected from a plurality of TNLAs.
 21. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including computer executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a control-unit user-plane (CU-UP) of a next generation NodeB (gNodeB or gNB) to: assign a first transport network layer address (TNLA) to one or more general packet radio service tunneling protocol (GTP) tunnels; generate and cause transmission of a bearer relocate message to a central-unit control-plane (CU-CP) of the gNodeB, the bearer relocate message comprising the first TNLA; and receive, from the CU-CP, a bearer relocation acknowledgment message indicating that the first TNLA has replaced a second TNLA.
 22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein the bearer relocation acknowledgement message comprises the first TNLA, wherein the first TNLA is for F1 downlink (DL), and wherein the first TNLA is updated by a distributed unit (DU) for each affected GTP-U tunnel.
 23. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein the CU-UP is implemented using virtualization technology or cloud computing technology.
 24. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 23, wherein the first TNLA is assigned in response to a virtual machine migration or local failure. 